Citing primary and secondary sources

How would you cite primary and secondary sources from the following text by Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1997? Why do you think it is important to cite secondary sources correctly?

Adapted from Purdue University website https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/paraphrase_exercises/paraphrasing_exercise_answers.html  accessed Oct 19, 2021

Taken from Purdue University website https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/paraphrase_exercises/paraphrasing_exercise_answers.html , accessed Oct 19, 2021

Original text 1:

While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.

Suitable paraphrase 1:

How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than the present world marvel, the Sears Tower, is unknown. However, the design of one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).

Original text 2: (taken from https://guides.lib.uconn.edu/understandcitations/integrating)

These results suggest that morning people, or early chronotypes—as measured on the morningness–eveningness continuum are more proactive than are evening types. Additionally, the misalignment of social and biological time, as assessed by the difference between rise times on weekdays and on free days, correlated with proactivity, suggesting that people with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay. Their biological schedules seem not to fit neatly into social demands (e.g., school, university, work schedules) as do those of less misaligned people.

Randler, C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2787-2797.

Suitable paraphrase 2:

Randler (2009) states that people who are naturally morning people often also display traits that are considered proactive. He also suggests that late risers may not show as many proactive traits because they naturally operate on a different sleep schedule (p. 2793).

or

People who are naturally morning people have been shown to also display traits that are considered proactive, and late risers display fewer of these traits because they don’t get enough sleep on days when they have to go to work or school. (Randler, 2009, p. 2793).

Read the following information on citing various sources of information.

We are using Harvard APA citation format. It is a part of various academic citation styles, some of them are presented in the image below (Author’s own search results on Jstor, 2021).

In the framework of the APA we can cite books, magazines, articles and websites. Please see the video on the APA 7th Edition - Citation Style Guide - LibGuides at Dalhousie University for more reference.

a.      Citing books

Improper quoting example:

„The ancient Greeks never saw a need to justify wars that were waged outside the walls of the city state. “Hence we must turn to Roman antiquity to find the first justification of war, together with the first notion that there are just and unjust wars” (Arendt, p. 12). Yet the Roman conception of a just war differs sharply from more modern conceptions“.

OPEN QUESTION: What is missing in the in-text reference in parenthesis?  

When you are making decisions about how to integrate quotations into your essay, you might imagine that you are reading the essay out loud to an audience. You would not read the parenthetical note. Without some sort of introduction, your audience would not even know that the statement about Roman antiquity was a quotation, let alone where the quotation came from.

Proper quoting example:

The ancient Greeks never saw a need to justify wars that were waged outside the walls of the city state. As Hannah Arendt points out in On Revolution, “we must turn to Roman antiquity to find the first justification of war, together with the first notion that there are just and unjust wars” (12). Yet the Roman conception of a just war differs sharply from more modern conceptions.

OPEN QUESTION: What is different in the way the quote is incorporated into the student’s essay?  

Examples of paraphrasing are taken from the Richmond Law Library,  retrieved from https://law-richmond.libguides.com/c.php?g=998384&p=7227189 on Oct 19, 2021)

 „Paraphrasing is simply a way of putting someone else's ideas into your own words - it does not make the idea your own“.

Make sure that your paraphrased text is 100% written by you using your own words and the original author of the text is properly referenced.

Original Phrase (example)

"Western law begins with two major subgroups. One contains the legal systems of the European continent. Although there are many differences among European legal systems, they are all descended from the law of the Roman Empire and were influenced by the procedures of Medieval Roman Catholic canon law."

Source: Dorothy H. Bracey, Exploring Law and Culture 31 (2006).

Improper Paraphrasing (example)

Western law has two major subgroups. One is the legal systems of Europe. There are differences between the European legal systems, but they are all descended from the Roman Empire and influenced by the procedures of the Medieval Roman Catholic law (Bracey, 2006).

OPEN QUESTION: What is the problem with this paraphrase example?  

Proper Paraphrasing (example)

At first glance, it can seem like the legal traditions of European countries are all very different. However, as part of one of the larger subgroups of Western law, European legal systems largely share a common origin in the Roman Empire and Medieval Roman Catholic Church law (Bracey, 2006).

OPEN QUESTION: What has changed in this example?  

Please see unit 6B in the English for Academic Purposes Student’s book to find out how to write a good summary.

Extra: You can also see some good examples how to summarise a full academic article here (https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-summarize/)

According to specialists from Purdue University, in order to summarize well it might be helpful to follow these steps:

·        Read the whole text and write down its key points.

·        Use your own words to summarize the single main idea of the article.

·        Paraphrase given evidence and supporting ideas.

·        Now think about specific collocations, statements and ideas that are worth to be quoted directly.

The following examples are taken from the University of Carolina at Chapel Hill at https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/summary-using-it-wisely/ accessed on Oct 19, 2021)

Improper summarising (example)

The Great Gatsby is the story of a mysterious millionaire, Jay Gatsby, who lives alone on an island in New York. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote the book, but the narrator is Nick Carraway. Nick is Gatsby’s neighbor, and he chronicles the story of Gatsby and his circle of friends, beginning with his introduction to the strange man and ending with Gatsby’s tragic death. In the story, Nick describes his environment through various colors, including green, white, and grey. Whereas white and grey symbolize false purity and decay respectively, the color green offers a symbol of hope.

Proper summarising (example)

In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald provides readers with detailed descriptions of the area surrounding East Egg, New York. In fact, Nick Carraway’s narration describes the setting with as much detail as the characters in the book. Nick’s description of the colors in his environment presents the book’s themes, symbolizing significant aspects of the post-World War I era. Whereas white and grey symbolize the false purity and decay of the 1920s, the color green offers a symbol of hope.

OPEN QUESTION: Please analyse these 2 summaries and note down prominent differences between them.  

Extra: More examples of summaries for APA referencing style can be found at https://web.williams.edu/wp-etc/acad-resources/survival_guide/CitingDoc/SummarizingAPA.php

Take a short quiz on the website Test your understanding - Research & Learning Online (monash.edu) to find out if you are at ease with citing academic material