5. In-Text references: quoting, paraphrasing, summarising

5.1. Quoting

An example of quoting Hanna Arendt offered by Jerry Plotnick in the document created in the University College Writing Centre of the University of Toronto (retrieved from https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/quotations.pdf on Oct 19, 2021)

Improper quoting example:

„The ancient Greeks never saw a need to justify wars that were waged outside the walls of the city state. “Hence we must turn to Roman antiquity to find the first justification of war, together with the first notion that there are just and unjust wars” (Arendt, p. 12). Yet the Roman conception of a just war differs sharply from more modern conceptions“.

OPEN QUESTION: What is missing in the in-text reference in parenthesis?  

When you are making decisions about how to integrate quotations into your essay, you might imagine that you are reading the essay out loud to an audience. You would not read the parenthetical note. Without some sort of introduction, your audience would not even know that the statement about Roman antiquity was a quotation, let alone where the quotation came from.

Proper quoting example:

The ancient Greeks never saw a need to justify wars that were waged outside the walls of the city state. As Hannah Arendt points out in On Revolution, “we must turn to Roman antiquity to find the first justification of war, together with the first notion that there are just and unjust wars” (12). Yet the Roman conception of a just war differs sharply from more modern conceptions.

OPEN QUESTION: What is different in the way the quote is incorporated into the student’s essay?