2. Energy and power density

2.3. Research and development

Metal oxide

  • Many variants for metal M in LiMO2 oxide
    • Ni, Hg, Co, Al,… impact on cost, energy density, number of cycles

    Aquaeos Li-ion, halogen intercalation

    • Electrolyte - salt in water (also solves flammability), use of halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) to improve intercalation in graphite.
    • Published in the journal Nature, energy density 460 Wh/kg.

    Li-air (Li-O2)

    • Oxygen from the external environment
    • Electrochemical cell with theoretically highest energy density - 11.7 kWh/kg (petrol 13 kWh/kg)

                                  Princip baterie Li-O2

    • Anode – lithium, Li → Li+ + e-
    • Cathode – uhlík, Li2O2
      • Li+ + e- + O2 → LiO2 + e- + O2 → Li2O2






    Yang, C., Chen, J., Ji, X. et al. Aqueous Li-ion battery enabled by halogen conversion–intercalation chemistry in graphite. Nature 569, 245–250 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1175-6