4. Charging

  • Charging current lower than discharging (e.g. 10x or 20x lower).
  • Lithium ions Li+ must intercalate into the graphite layers → it limits the charging speed.
  • By charging, we force the cell to be in unstable state.
  • The size of charging current Inab is given by
    • difference between the charging voltage Unab and the internal voltage U0,
    • the size of the internal resistance R0.









Chaofeng Liu1, Zachary G. Neale2 and Guozhong Cao: Understanding electrochemical potentials of cathode materials in rechargeable batteries, Materials Today, Volume 19, Number 2, Elsevier 2016