Unit 8a Book

Unit 8a deals with modal verbs. At the B2+/C1 level, it is highly probable that you know about the basic modal verbs: can, may, must, and some others. Revise them in this task, and if you happen to have problems with this grammar point, read this grammar overview. Which of the modals used in the task above can be used to express speculation: certainty and uncertainty? If you guess must, have to, may, might, can, could, and can´t, you are right. As you can see, modals can be used for speculation  ̶  and even in the past. This is a complex grammar point, so a general English context will first be used to introduce this use of modals. Later on, this general English context will switch into a technical English context.