Unit 8a Book
Start by going through the book. It will guide you through the unit material step by step.
4. Grammar: Modals Used for Speculation in the Past
Now that you understand modals used for speculation in the present, read the other section of the same grammar overview, which deals with speculations in the past. Then do these two tasks – Task 1 and Task 2 – to practise the grammar in a general English context. The follow-up task, Task 3, asks you to choose the correct option from the modals given. This task is harder than the previous ones because it combines speculation in the past and in the present. The follow-up task for practising modals used for speculation in the past shows the use of these modals within an unbroken text. Finally, this task demonstrates what past modals are used for; in other words, what meanings they can express.
NB: Unless otherwise stated, the sentences in the tasks listed above have been adapted from: