11. Specific (developmental) learning disabilities

11.3. SLD - division of faults

Division of speech disorders:

  • according to school skills:
    • dyslexia, dysorthography, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, dyspinxia, ​​dysmusia, dyspraxia
  • according to deficits of partial functions
  • according to the functional division of brain activities (L and P dyslexia Bakker)
  • according to the prevailing symptoms (Matějček)

Division according to deficits of partial functions

Various files e.g.

  • deficits of visual and auditory perception
  • deficits in the field of fine motor skills
  • deficits in speech and pronunciation development
  • deficits in understanding relationships in space
  • deficits in optical and acoustic perception of time sequence
  • deficits in short-term and long-term memory - so-called intermodality deficits

Division according to the functional division of brain activities (L, R)

  • prof. Bakker: two phases of reading development
  • disorders in normal reading development:
    • R-type dyslexia - right-hemisphere brain dyslexia lasts longer in initial reading strategies
    • L-type dyslexia - levohemisphere dyslexia the brain in development has skipped the first phase and uses straight left-hemisphere strategies

Different use of the reading window for type P closing and for type L opening

An example for the 2nd phase of reading development according to Bakker

Can you read the following sentence?

IN THE CNOTXET OF RSEAERCH AT CMABRDIGE UNVERISITY, IT HAS EEMREGD TAHT IT DEOS NOT MTTAER THE ODRER OF THE LTETERS IN THE WROD. THE OLNY IPMOTRANT TIHNG IS. TAHT THE FRIST AND LSAT LTTERES WREE IN THE RGIHT PALCE. THE RSET CAN BE A TTOAL MXITRUE AND YOU STLIL RAED IT WTIOHUT PORBLMES. IT IS BACUESE THE HAMUN BARIN DEOS NOT RAED EVREY LETETR BUT WROD AS A WOHLE.

Dividing according to predominant symptoms (Matějček)

  • based on perceptual deficits
    •   auditory
    •   visual
  • with a predominance of motor problems
  • based on integration difficulties
  • with a disorder of the dynamics of basic mental processes
    •  in a hyperactive individual with impulsivity
    •  in a hypoactive individual with perseveration